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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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[Hemithyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy for low-risk papillary thyroid cancer? : Surgical criteria for primary and secondary choice of treatment in an interdisciplinary treatment concept].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

Published on: November 28, 2025

[Surgery of thyroid carcinoma].

H Dralle1, K Lorenz, A Machens

  • 1Universitätsklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefässchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Medizinische Fakultät der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle. henning.dralle@medizin.uni-halle.de

Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift Fur Alle Gebiete Der Operativen Medizen
|November 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Understanding the 5 main thyroid cancer types is key for surgical planning. Differentiated thyroid cancers (PTC, FTC) and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) require tailored lymph node dissection for optimal outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology

Context:

  • Thyroid cancer encompasses five primary types: papillary (PTC), follicular (FTC), poorly differentiated (PDTC), undifferentiated (UTC), and medullary (MTC).
  • These types exhibit significant variations in morphology, pathogenesis, genetics, pathophysiology, tumor biology, and metastatic patterns.
  • Prognosis and treatment strategies are intrinsically linked to these distinct characteristics.

Purpose:

  • To elucidate the critical differences among the five main thyroid cancer types.
  • To establish how these differences inform surgical approaches, including thyroidectomy staging and lymph node dissection.
  • To highlight the role of lymph node surgery in managing specific thyroid cancer subtypes like PTC and MTC.

Summary:

  • The five main thyroid cancer types (papillary, follicular, poorly differentiated, undifferentiated, medullary) differ significantly in morphology, genetics, pathophysiology, tumor biology, and metastatic behavior.
  • This knowledge is fundamental for surgical decision-making, including the extent of thyroidectomy and the necessity of locoregional lymph node dissection.
  • Lymph node surgery is crucial for PTC and MTC due to high recurrence rates and curative potential, while differentiated carcinomas may warrant resection even with local invasion.

Impact:

  • Informed surgical strategies for thyroid cancer, potentially improving patient outcomes.
  • Enhanced understanding of the prognostic implications of different thyroid cancer subtypes.
  • Guidance for the surgical management of lymph node metastases in specific thyroid cancer types, emphasizing curative intent.