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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Infection of In Vivo and In Vitro Pines with the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Isolation of Induced Volatiles
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Volatiles from a mite-infested spruce clone and their effects on pine weevil behavior.

Astrid Kännaste1, Henrik Nordenhem, Göran Nordlander

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Ecological Chemistry Group, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.

Journal of Chemical Ecology
|November 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Norway spruce seedlings attacked by mites emit specific volatiles. These plant defense chemicals, like (E)-beta-farnesene, can influence pine weevil behavior, with some acting as attractants and others as repellents.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant-insect interactions
  • Chemical ecology
  • Forest entomology

Background:

  • Norway spruce (Picea abies) is susceptible to mite infestations.
  • Understanding plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is crucial for forest pest management.
  • Mite feeding can alter plant chemical profiles, potentially affecting other herbivores.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify volatiles emitted by Norway spruce seedlings infested with Nalepella sp. and Oligonychus ununguis.
  • To determine the role of these induced volatiles in mediating interactions with the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis).

Main Methods:

  • Norway spruce seedlings were infested with two mite species or kept as controls.
  • Volatiles were collected and analyzed using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS).

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  • Chiral compounds were separated using two-dimensional gas chromatography (2D-GC).
  • Behavioral assays tested the effect of key volatiles on pine weevil attraction/repulsion.

    • Main Results:

    • Methyl salicylate (MeSA), (-)-linalool, (E)-beta-farnesene, and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene were identified as major induced volatiles.
    • (E)-beta-farnesene attracted pine weevils in the absence of spruce odor.
    • Methyl salicylate deterred pine weevils when combined with spruce odor.
    • Other tested compounds showed no significant effect on weevil behavior.

    Conclusions:

    • Norway spruce seedlings emit a distinct blend of volatiles in response to mite herbivory.
    • Specific induced volatiles, such as (E)-beta-farnesene and MeSA, play a role in mediating interactions with the pine weevil.
    • These findings contribute to understanding plant defense signaling and potential semiochemical-based pest management strategies.