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Related Concept Videos

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion. The...
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

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Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner
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Optimizing the SO2 total emission control strategy: case study-Bor (Serbia).

Ivana Ilić1, Dragana Zivković, Nenad Vusović

  • 1Tehnical Faculty in Bor, University of Belgrade, VJ 12, 19210, Bor, Serbia. iilic@tf.bor.ac.rs

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
|November 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study optimized sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) emission reductions in Bor, Serbia, using spatial analysis and modeling. Results indicate a need for significant emission cuts to improve air quality and the ecological environment.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Spatial Analysis
  • Environmental Modeling

Background:

  • Bor, Serbia faces significant air pollution challenges.
  • Background sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) pollution requires urgent control measures.
  • Ecological environment improvement is a priority.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a spatial analysis framework for optimizing SO(2) emission reduction schemes.
  • To quantitatively divide environmental functional zones using a multifactor assessment model.
  • To optimize SO(2) emission control strategies through a linear programming model.

Main Methods:

  • Geographic Information System (GIS) for spatial analysis and multifactor assessment.
  • Integration of the Models-3 modeling system.
  • Application of a linear programming model for emission optimization.
  • Identification of control sites within the GIS framework.

Main Results:

  • A GIS-based spatial analysis model was successfully developed.
  • Environmental functional zones were quantitatively delineated.
  • The linear programming model identified specific emission sources requiring substantial reductions.
  • A 50% emission cut was suggested for some large emission sources.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized SO(2) emission control strategies are crucial for Bor.
  • GIS and modeling approaches provide effective tools for air pollution management.
  • Substantial emission reductions are necessary to mitigate SO(2) pollution and enhance the ecological environment.