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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

Chronic viral hepatitis.

Noma Dakhil1, Omer Junaidi, Alex S Befeler

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, USA.

Missouri Medicine
|November 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Chronic liver disease, a major health issue, is often caused by hepatitis B and C. This article reviews current evaluation and treatment strategies for these viral hepatitis infections.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Chronic liver disease ranks as the tenth leading cause of mortality in the U.S.
  • The economic impact of liver disease accounts for approximately 1% of national healthcare spending.
  • Chronic hepatitis C is the predominant cause of chronic liver disease in the U.S., while chronic hepatitis B leads globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a concise overview of the diagnostic evaluation for chronic hepatitis B and C.
  • To summarize current therapeutic approaches for chronic hepatitis B and C infections.
  • To highlight the significance of viral hepatitis as a cause of chronic liver disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current guidelines and clinical studies.

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Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice
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Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

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Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
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Published on: November 7, 2018

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  • Synthesis of information on diagnostic criteria and imaging modalities.
  • Summary of antiviral treatment regimens and management strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Hepatitis C is the most frequent cause of chronic liver disease in the United States.
    • Hepatitis B is the leading global cause of liver disease.
    • Effective treatments are available for both chronic hepatitis B and C.

    Conclusions:

    • Prompt evaluation and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing chronic hepatitis B and C.
    • Understanding the epidemiology and treatment of viral hepatitis is essential for public health.
    • Continued research is needed to improve outcomes for patients with chronic liver disease.