Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...

Biosynthesis in Bacteria

Biosynthesis in Bacteria

Biosynthesis in bacteria is a fundamental anabolic process that generates essential macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are critical for cellular growth, replication, and function. The process is tightly regulated and energetically linked to catabolic pathways to ensure optimal resource utilization.Biosynthetic pathways begin with precursor metabolites such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycolysis,...

Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Aromatic Compounds: Overview

In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
In 1825, Faraday isolated benzene...

Biosynthesis of Lipids

Biosynthesis of Lipids

Microbial membranes exhibit remarkable diversity in lipid composition, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to various environmental conditions. The three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—synthesize membrane lipids through distinct biosynthetic pathways, leading to fundamental structural differences that impact membrane stability, function, and adaptability.Fatty Acid-Based Lipids in Bacteria and EukaryaBacteria and eukaryotes share a common fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, which...

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.

Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems

Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems

The inscribed polygon method is consistent with Hückel’s 4n + 2 rule and helps to learn whether the given cyclic compound is aromatic or not. The compound is stable and aromatic if every bonding molecular orbital (MO) is completely filled with a pair of electrons. However, if the non-bonding or antibonding orbitals are filled with electrons, the compound is unstable and not aromatic. Consider the Frost circle diagrams for cycloalkenes containing 4 to 8 carbons.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The inhibition of pathological IgE in allergic diseases by natural compounds.

Natural products and bioprospecting·2026

Same author

New Insights Into Curcumin Behavior After Its Biosynthesis in Engineered Escherichia coli Through Spectroscopic and Spatial Analysis.

Phytochemical analysis : PCA·2025

Same author

Discovery and Functional Characterization of SnFDHal, an Efficient Tryptophan 5-Halogenase from Streptomyces noursei.

Applied biochemistry and biotechnology·2025

Same author

Biochemical Characterization and Genome Analysis of Pseudomonas loganensis sp. nov., a Novel Endophytic Bacterium.

MicrobiologyOpen·2025

Same author

SsDiHal: discovery and engineering of a novel tryptophan dihalogenase.

Journal of biological engineering·2025

Same author

New natural products from Aspergillus candidus NRRL 5214 and their glycosylation by Streptomyces chromofuscus ATCC 49982.

Journal of bioscience and bioengineering·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

From a Natural Product to Its Biosynthetic Gene Cluster: A Demonstration Using Polyketomycin from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes Tü6028

From a Natural Product to Its Biosynthetic Gene Cluster: A Demonstration Using Polyketomycin from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes Tü6028

Published on: January 13, 2017

Biosynthesis of bacterial aromatic polyketides.

¹Department of Biological and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA. jixunzhan@engineering.usu.edu

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

|November 12, 2009

Summary

Aromatic polyketides, synthesized by type II polyketide synthases (PKSs), exhibit diverse bioactivities. Recent advances in engineered biosynthesis offer novel enzymes and methods for creating unique polyketide compounds.

More Related Videos

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products

Published on: October 4, 2019

The Logic, Experimental Steps, and Potential of Heterologous Natural Product Biosynthesis Featuring the Complex Antibiotic Erythromycin A Produced Through E. coli

The Logic, Experimental Steps, and Potential of Heterologous Natural Product Biosynthesis Featuring the Complex Antibiotic Erythromycin A Produced Through E. coli

Published on: January 13, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

From a Natural Product to Its Biosynthetic Gene Cluster: A Demonstration Using Polyketomycin from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes Tü6028

From a Natural Product to Its Biosynthetic Gene Cluster: A Demonstration Using Polyketomycin from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes Tü6028

Published on: January 13, 2017

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products

Published on: October 4, 2019

The Logic, Experimental Steps, and Potential of Heterologous Natural Product Biosynthesis Featuring the Complex Antibiotic Erythromycin A Produced Through E. coli

The Logic, Experimental Steps, and Potential of Heterologous Natural Product Biosynthesis Featuring the Complex Antibiotic Erythromycin A Produced Through E. coli

Published on: January 13, 2013

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Synthetic Biology

Background:

Aromatic polyketides are a class of compounds with significant antibacterial, antitumor, and antiviral properties.
Bacterial synthesis primarily involves type II polyketide synthases (PKSs), utilizing malonyl-CoA as a universal extender unit and variable starter units.
Biosynthesis involves iterative condensation by PKSs followed by tailoring by various enzymes to form aromatic structures.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in the biosynthesis of aromatic polyketides.
To highlight novel enzymes and methods for engineering polyketide biosynthetic machinery.
To explore the potential for creating "unnatural" polyketides.

Main Methods:

Mechanistic studies of established pathways (e.g., oxytetracycline, pradimicin A).
Engineering of heterologous hosts like Streptomyces coelicolor and Escherichia coli for polyketide production.
Characterization of tailoring enzymes (ketoreductases, oxygenases, cyclases, methyltransferases, glycosyltransferases).

Main Results:

Elucidation of starter unit diversity and its impact on polyketide backbones.
Successful engineered biosynthesis of novel polyketides in heterologous hosts.
Identification of new enzymes and strategies for combinatorial biosynthesis.

Conclusions:

Recent progress in understanding aromatic polyketide biosynthesis provides a robust foundation for synthetic biology approaches.
Engineered biosynthesis enables the creation of novel polyketide structures with potentially enhanced bioactivities.
This review offers valuable insights and tools for developing next-generation polyketide biosynthetic pathways.