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Related Concept Videos

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of many...
Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism01:30

Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism

The combined effects of drugs can result in various interactions, of which an important type is antagonism. Antagonism is a mechanism where one drug inhibits or counteracts the effects of another drug. Antagonism can occur through various means, including receptor binding, allosteric modulation, functional interaction, chemical reactions, and pharmacokinetic processes.
The most common type is receptor antagonism, where one drug acts as an antagonist to block the effects of another drug by...
Drug-Receptor Interaction: Antagonist01:28

Drug-Receptor Interaction: Antagonist

An antagonist is a drug that binds strongly to a receptor without activating it. An antagonist prevents other molecules, such as neurotransmitters or hormones, from binding to the receptor and triggering a cellular response. Such interaction effectively hinders the normal physiological processes mediated by the receptor, resulting in various pharmacological effects depending on the specific receptor targeted.
Antagonists can be classified as competitive or noncompetitive based on their...
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Overview01:19

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Overview

Nonlinear or dose-dependent pharmacokinetics is a phenomenon that occurs when the pharmacokinetic parameters of certain drugs deviate from linear pharmacokinetics at higher doses. These drugs do not follow the expected first-order kinetics, where the rate of drug elimination is directly proportional to the drug concentration. Instead, they exhibit a nonlinear relationship, which can be attributed to several factors.
Nonlinearity can arise due to the saturation of plasma protein-binding or...

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Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs
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Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs

Published on: June 21, 2018

Drug-drug noninteractions.

David J Greenblatt

    Cardiovascular Therapeutics
    |November 12, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies are crucial but costly. In vitro models help predict interactions, guiding clinical trials and informing therapeutic decisions, even for negative results.

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    High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method
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    Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs
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    High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method
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    High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method

    Published on: May 21, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacology
    • Drug Development
    • Clinical Therapeutics

    Background:

    • Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are critical in drug development and clinical practice.
    • Clinical DDI studies are resource-intensive, limiting comprehensive investigation.
    • In vitro models offer a cost-effective screening method to predict potential DDIs.

    Discussion:

    • In vitro models efficiently filter drug combinations, identifying potential interactions.
    • This predictive capability optimizes the allocation of resources for clinical DDI trials.
    • Negative DDI study results are clinically relevant and valuable for publication.

    Key Insights:

    • In vitro screening significantly enhances the efficiency of DDI assessment.
    • Targeted clinical trials based on in vitro data improve resource utilization.
    • Publication of negative DDI findings contributes essential knowledge to the scientific community.

    Outlook:

    • Further development of in vitro models for DDI prediction is warranted.
    • Integrating in vitro data into regulatory submissions can streamline drug development.
    • Dissemination of all DDI study outcomes, positive or negative, is vital for patient safety.