Topology, symmetry, phase transitions, and noncollinear spin structures

We use a topological approach to describe the frustration- and field-induced phase transitions exhibited by the infinite-range XY model on the AB2 chain, including noncollinear spin structures. For this purpose, we have computed the Morse number and the Euler characteristic, as well as other topological invariants, which are found to behave similarly as a function of the energy level in the context of Morse theory. In particular, we use a method based on an analogy with statistical mechanics to compute the Euler characteristic, which proves to be quite feasible. We also introduce topological energies which help us to clarify several properties of the transitions, both at zero and finite temperatures. In addition, we establish a nontrivial direct connection between the thermodynamics of the systems, which have been solved exactly under the saddle-point approach, and the topology of their configuration space. This connection allows us to identify the nondegeneracy condition under which the divergence of the density of Jacobian's critical points [jl(E)] at the critical energy of a topology-induced phase transition, proposed by Kastner and Schnetz [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 160601 (2008)] as a necessary criterion, is suppressed. Finally, our findings and those available in the literature suggest that the cusplike singularity exhibited both by the Euler characteristic and the topological contribution for the entropy at the critical energy, put together with the divergence of jl(E) , and emerge as necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of the finite-temperature topology-induced phase transitions examined in this work. The general character of this proposal should be subject to a more rigorous scrutiny.