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Related Concept Videos

The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Dilute wet granular particles: nonequilibrium dynamics and structure formation.

Stephan Ulrich1, Timo Aspelmeier, Annette Zippelius

  • 1Institute of Theoretical Physics, Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. ulrich@theorie.physik.uni-goettingen.de

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|November 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Wet granular particle gases transition from fast cooling to slow cooling as aggregates form. This dynamic phase transition involves capillary bridge rupture and self-similar cluster growth, leading to a final fractal structure.

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Published on: February 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Granular Materials Science
  • Interfacial Phenomena

Background:

  • Granular gases differ from dry granular systems due to interfacial forces governing particle interactions.
  • Wet granular particles interact via capillary bridges, which dissipate energy upon rupture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic evolution and phase transitions in a freely cooling system of wet granular particles.
  • To characterize the aggregation process and the fractal nature of clusters formed.

Main Methods:

  • Simulation or experimental study of a gas of wet granular particles.
  • Analysis of two-particle interactions dominated by capillary forces and bridge rupture dynamics.
  • Observation of dynamic phase transitions and cluster growth kinetics.

Main Results:

  • A nonequilibrium dynamic phase transition is observed, shifting from fast cooling with single particles to slow cooling with aggregates.
  • Early aggregation exhibits self-similar growth with a fractal dimension (Df) of approximately 2.
  • A late-stage percolating cluster forms, ultimately absorbing all particles, displaying fractal characteristics (Df ≈ 2) on small scales.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay of capillary forces and bridge rupture drives a unique phase transition in wet granular gases.
  • The aggregation process is characterized by self-similarity and results in fractal clusters.
  • The system evolves towards a large-scale compact structure that is fractal at smaller length scales.