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Related Concept Videos

The Entropy as a State Function01:14

The Entropy as a State Function

Consider an arbitrary process that moves between two specific states (A and B) in a cyclic manner. This process is reversible and broken down into smaller parts that each follow a Carnot cycle. A Carnot cycle has two isothermal (constant temperature) processes. During these processes, the ratio of the amount of heat transferred to their respective temperature remains constant. The other two processes in the Carnot cycle are also reversible but adiabatic, which means they occur without any heat...
Entropy02:39

Entropy

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
Entropy01:18

Entropy

The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:26

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Consider an isolated system in which a hot object is placed in contact with a cold one. This is an irreversible process that eventually leads both objects to reach the same equilibrium temperature. It is crucial to note that the constituents of any substance exhibit increased disorder at higher temperatures. As a cold substance absorbs heat, its constituents become more disordered. The energy transfer from a hotter object to a cooler one increases the system's disorder or randomness. This...

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Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures Downstream of a Model Type IV Stent Failure in a 180° Curved Artery Test Section
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Entropic entanglement criteria for continuous variables.

S P Walborn1, B G Taketani, A Salles

  • 1Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68528, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil.

Physical Review Letters
|November 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed new entanglement criteria for quantum systems using Shannon entropy. These criteria offer greater sensitivity for identifying entanglement in experiments.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Optics

Background:

  • Entanglement is a key quantum phenomenon crucial for quantum information processing.
  • Existing entanglement criteria often rely on second-order moments, which may lack sensitivity.
  • Continuous variable (CV) quantum systems offer unique properties for quantum information tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive novel entanglement criteria for bipartite continuous variable quantum systems.
  • To enhance the sensitivity of entanglement detection compared to existing methods.
  • To provide practical tools for experimental identification of entanglement.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of entanglement criteria utilizing Shannon entropy.
  • Comparison of the new criteria with existing second-order moment-based criteria.
  • Analysis of criterion performance for Gaussian states.

Main Results:

  • Shannon entropy-based entanglement criteria were successfully derived.
  • The new criteria demonstrate higher sensitivity than second-order moment tests.
  • Equivalence established between new criteria and variance product tests for Gaussian states.
  • The criteria require only a pair of quadrature measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The derived Shannon entropy-based criteria provide a more sensitive method for detecting entanglement in CV systems.
  • These criteria are experimentally feasible due to their reliance on simple quadrature measurements.
  • The findings will significantly aid in the experimental identification and characterization of quantum entanglement.