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Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Second Uniqueness Theorem

Second Uniqueness Theorem

Consider a region consisting of several individual conductors with a definite charge density in the region between these conductors. The second uniqueness theorem states that if the total charge on each conductor and the charge density in the in-between region are known, then the electric field can be uniquely determined.
In contrast, consider that the electric field is non-unique and apply Gauss's law in divergence form in the region between the conductors and the integral form to the surface...

Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

The Electrical Double Layer

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...

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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

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Electric-magnetic duality and topological insulators.

¹Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|November 13, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We explored the electric-magnetic duality group

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Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Quantum field theory

Background:

Topological insulators exhibit nontrivial electromagnetic properties.
The SL(2,Z) group describes electric-magnetic duality in certain theories.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the action of the SL(2,Z) electric-magnetic duality group for insulators with specific electromagnetic properties.
To apply this understanding to topological insulators and their effective low-energy actions.

Main Methods:

Derivation of the SL(2,Z) group action for a material with nontrivial permittivity, permeability, and theta angle.
Application of electric-magnetic duality to derive covariant expressions for physical phenomena.

Main Results:

Manifestly SL(2,Z) covariant expressions for Faraday rotation and induced charges were derived.
Clarification of previously published expressions for these quantities.
Identification of a gravitational dual for a strongly coupled version of the theory via gauge/gravity correspondence.

Conclusions:

The study provides a deeper understanding of the SL(2,Z) duality in topological insulators.
The derived expressions offer clearer interpretations of electromagnetic phenomena in these materials.
The findings contribute to the broader application of gauge/gravity duality in condensed matter physics.