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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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Fermionic spin excitations in two- and three-dimensional antiferromagnets.

Zhihao Hao1, Oleg Tchernyshyov

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|November 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Spin excitations in magnets are typically magnons. However, in a specific antiferromagnet, these excitations are spinons, which are fermions with spin 1/2. This finding challenges conventional understanding of magnetic excitations.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Magnetism

Background:

  • Ordered Heisenberg magnets exhibit spin excitations known as magnons (spin-1 bosons).
  • Frustration and quantum fluctuations can disrupt magnetic order and restore spin-rotation symmetry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of spin excitations in the S=1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on a kagome lattice.
  • To determine if these excitations behave as magnons or exhibit different characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of spin excitations in a frustrated quantum magnet.
  • Investigating the ground state and low-energy excitations.

Main Results:

  • Spin excitations in this system are identified as spinons (spin-1/2 fermions), not magnons.
  • The ground state consists of pairs of spinons with net spin 0.
  • The lowest energy magnetic excitation involves breaking a spinon pair, costing 0.06 J.

Conclusions:

  • The kagome lattice S=1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet hosts exotic spinon excitations.
  • This system provides a platform for studying emergent fermionic behavior in magnetic systems.