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Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
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Thyroid cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study.

Alessandro Antonelli¹, Marta Mosca, Poupak Fallahi

¹Departmentof Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy. a.antonelli@med.unipi.it

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

|November 13, 2009

Summary

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have a higher risk of papillary thyroid cancer, especially those with thyroid autoimmunity. Increased thyroid surveillance is recommended for these individuals.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Rheumatology
Oncology

Background:

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients are living longer due to treatment advances.
Cancer rates, including thyroid cancer, appear to be increasing in SLE patients.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of thyroid cancer in patients with SLE.
To compare thyroid cancer rates in SLE patients with matched control groups.

Main Methods:

Prospective study of 153 SLE patients compared to two control groups (iodine-deficient and iodine-sufficient).
Thyroid function assessed via hormone levels, autoantibodies, ultrasonography, and fine-needle aspiration cytology.

Main Results:

SLE patients showed higher TSH, thyroid autoantibodies, and hypothyroidism rates.
Five cases of papillary thyroid cancer were found in SLE patients versus one in the iodine-sufficient control group.
Thyroid autoimmunity was more common in SLE patients with thyroid cancer (80%) than without (31%).

Conclusions:

The prevalence of papillary thyroid cancer is elevated in SLE patients compared to controls.
Patients with SLE and thyroid autoimmunity face a particularly higher risk.
Routine thyroid surveillance is advised for SLE patients.