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Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Rapid and Refined CD11b Magnetic Isolation of Primary Microglia with Enhanced Purity and Versatility

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CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta in microglial activation.

Aroa Ejarque-Ortiz¹, Núria Gresa-Arribas, Marco Straccia

¹Department of Cerebral Ischaemia and Neurodegeneration, IIBB, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.

Journal of Neuroscience Research

|November 13, 2009

Summary

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (C/EBP delta) is expressed and upregulated in activated microglia, suggesting its role in neuroinflammation. This study investigates C/EBP delta

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

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Published on: February 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Immunology
Molecular Biology

Background:

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (C/EBP delta) regulates genes involved in glial activation.
Microglial expression of C/EBP delta is largely unexplored, unlike its known astroglial presence.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the expression and regulation of C/EBP delta in microglia.
To determine the role of C/EBP delta in microglial activation and inflammatory gene expression.

Main Methods:

Utilized murine primary microglial cultures and BV2 microglial cell lines.
Analyzed C/EBP delta expression via mRNA and protein levels following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.
Investigated the involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways.

Main Results:

Demonstrated C/EBP delta expression and upregulation in activated microglia and astrocytes by LPS.
Identified time- and concentration-dependent effects of LPS on C/EBP delta.
Showed that TLR agonists mimic LPS-induced upregulation, while ERK inhibition prevents it.
Confirmed C/EBP delta binding to the cyclooxygenase-2 promoter in activated microglia.

Conclusions:

C/EBP delta is expressed in microglia and significantly upregulated during activation.
C/EBP delta plays a role in regulating proinflammatory gene expression in activated microglia, potentially via TLR and ERK pathways.