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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation
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Published on: June 20, 2018

Technical advances in rhinologic basic science research.

Murugappan Ramanathan1, Justin H Turner, Andrew P Lane

  • 1Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center, 6th Floor, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|November 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), a common condition, needs better understanding. This review covers new technologies like real-time PCR and genomics to explore CRS pathophysiology and improve treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Rhinology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent condition affecting 16% of US adults.
  • Current understanding of CRS pathophysiology remains incomplete.
  • Technological advancements offer new avenues for research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent technological advancements in rhinology.
  • To describe methodologies contributing to CRS understanding.
  • To highlight the role of new technologies in advancing CRS research.

Main Methods:

  • Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • Epithelial cell culture
  • Flow cytometry
  • Genomics and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection
  • Microarrays
  • Genetic and non-genetic animal models of sinusitis

Main Results:

  • These technologies provide novel tools for investigating CRS.
  • Methodologies enable deeper insights into cellular and genetic aspects of CRS.
  • Animal models facilitate the study of sinusitis mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Technological progress is crucial for advancing CRS knowledge.
  • New methods enhance the study of CRS pathophysiology.
  • Further application of these technologies will improve understanding and management of CRS.