Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
Electronic Structure of Atoms02:28

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum numbers:  n, l, ml, and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

VDAC2 and Bak scarcity in liver mitochondria enables targeting hepatocarcinoma while sparing hepatocytes.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

A new type of C<sup>+</sup>⋯H<sup>δ-</sup>(C=) bond in adducts of vinyl carbocations with alkenes.

Scientific reports·2024
Same author

Substitution of H Atoms in Unsaturated (Vinyl-Type) Carbocations by Cl or O Atoms.

International journal of molecular sciences·2023
Same author

Interaction of Vinyl-Type Carbocations, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub><sup>+</sup> and C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>7</sub><sup>+</sup> with Molecules of Water, Alcohols, and Acetone.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2023
Same author

Spontaneous Transition of Alkyl Carbocations to Unsaturated Vinyl-Type Carbocations in Organic Solutions.

International journal of molecular sciences·2023
Same author

The Chloronium Cation [(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sup>+</sup>] and Unsaturated C<sub>4</sub>-Carbocations with C=C and C≡C Bonds in Their Solid Salts and in Solutions: An H<sup>1</sup>/C<sup>13</sup> NMR and Infrared Spectroscopic Study.

International journal of molecular sciences·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates
08:07

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

Published on: June 18, 2013

H(aq)+ structures in proton wires inside nanotubes.

Evgenii S Stoyanov1, Irina V Stoyanova, Fook S Tham

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA. evgeniis@ucr.edu

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals novel hydrated proton (H(aq)(+)) structures within carborane acid nanotubes. These structures exhibit unique geometries and charge delocalization, forming one-dimensional proton wires.

More Related Videos

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems
07:44

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems

Published on: April 28, 2016

Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition
12:47

Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition

Published on: May 2, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates
08:07

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

Published on: June 18, 2013

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems
07:44

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems

Published on: April 28, 2016

Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition
12:47

Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition

Published on: May 2, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Proton Hydration

Background:

  • Carborane acids are known for their strong acidity and unique cage structures.
  • Understanding the hydration of protons is crucial for various chemical and biological processes.
  • Confined environments can significantly alter the behavior of ions and molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural characteristics of hydrated protons confined within carborane acid nanotubes.
  • To elucidate the nature of proton delocalization and hydrogen bonding in this confined system.
  • To characterize novel hydrated proton clusters formed under these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure of hydrated carborane acid.
  • Analysis of bond lengths and angles to characterize the geometry of hydrated proton clusters.
  • Hydrogen bond analysis to understand the connectivity and dynamics of protons.

Main Results:

  • Hydrated carborane acid, H(CHB(11)I(11)).8H(2)O, forms nanometer-diameter tubes containing hydrated protons (H(aq)(+)).
  • Three distinct H(aq)(+) clusters were identified: H(13)O(6)(+), H(7)O(3)(+), and a novel H(17)O(8)(+).
  • These hydrated cations exhibit elongated O...O separations and form a one-dimensional proton wire via hydrogen bonding.

Conclusions:

  • The confinement within carborane nanotubes leads to unique hydrated proton structures and enhanced charge delocalization.
  • The formation of a one-dimensional proton wire highlights the potential for directed proton transport in such systems.
  • This work provides new insights into proton behavior in confined aqueous environments.