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Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can have a...
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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the brain can only use...
Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus: Problem Solving01:12

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Pappus and Guldinus's theorems are powerful mathematical principles that are used for finding the surface area and volume of composite shapes. For example, consider a cylindrical storage tank with a conical top. Finding the surface area or volume can be challenging for such complex shapes. These theorems are particularly useful in calculating the volume and surface area of such systems. Here, the cylindrical storage tank with a conical top can be broken down into two simple shapes: a cylinder...
Information Processing Approach01:30

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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is also...
Reasoning01:30

Reasoning

Reasoning is the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way. It is integral to problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. Reasoning can be inductive or deductive. Reasoning involves transforming information into conclusions, which is essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking.
Inductive reasoning involves deriving generalizations from specific observations. This type of reasoning helps form beliefs about the world. For example,...
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Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction from inductive reasoning. It uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From these general principles, a scientist can predict specific results that remain valid as long as the general principles are correct.For example, a researcher can make specific predictions from the hypothesis "butterflies are attracted...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task
06:08

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task

Published on: July 22, 2025

Executive functions underlying multiplicative reasoning: problem type matters.

Alba Agostino1, Janice Johnson, Juan Pascual-Leone

  • 1Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ont., Canada M3J 1P3. agostino@uoguelph.ca

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
|November 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
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Children

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Executive functions are crucial for complex cognitive tasks.
  • Understanding the role of executive functions in mathematical problem-solving is essential for educational interventions.
  • Previous research has explored various executive functions in relation to math skills, but the specific contributions to multiplication word problems require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the contribution of inhibition, updating, shifting, and mental-attentional capacity (M-capacity) to solving multiplication word problems in children.
  • To investigate the mediating role of executive functions in the relationship between mathematical performance and broader attentional resources.
  • To differentiate the predictive power of executive functions and age on one-step versus multiple-step multiplication word problems.

Main Methods:

  • A sample of 155 children (Grades 3-6, ages 8-13) completed multiplication word problems (one-step and multiple-step).
  • Participants underwent assessments for reading comprehension and a battery of executive function measures (inhibition, updating, shifting, M-capacity).
  • Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the relationships between variables.

Main Results:

  • Executive function updating significantly mediated the link between multiplication performance and M-capacity/inhibition, after controlling for reading comprehension.
  • Updating was a stronger predictor for multiple-step problems than age.
  • Age and updating showed equal predictive importance for one-step problems; shifting was not a significant predictor.

Conclusions:

  • Executive function updating serves as a key mediator between mathematical cognition, age, and attentional resources in children's multiplication word problem-solving.
  • The findings highlight the critical role of updating in tackling more complex, multi-step mathematical problems.
  • These results have implications for targeted educational strategies focusing on enhancing executive functions to improve mathematical abilities.