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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Classification and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Polymers01:28

Classification and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Polymers

Synthetic polymers are classified as elastomers, fibers, or plastics based on their crystallinity. Crystallinity, the degree of long-range order in the solid state, influences the mechanical properties (stretching or contracting) of elastomers. Elastomers are flexible polymers that can expand or contract easily upon the application of an external force. They have numerous crosslinks that pull them back into their original shape when stress is removed. Silicones, for instance, are highly elastic...
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...

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Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties
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Published on: January 8, 2016

Relationships between conversion, temperature and optical properties during composite photopolymerization.

Benjamin Howard1, Nicholas D Wilson, Sheldon M Newman

  • 1University of Colorado Denver, School of Dental Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA.

Acta Biomaterialia
|November 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study found that higher filler content in dental composites reduces light transmission and conversion, impacting performance. Refractive index matching is achieved around 58% conversion, crucial for material properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Optical Physics

Background:

  • Optical properties of dental composites are critical for photoactivation and clinical success.
  • Material conversion, influenced by light transmission, dictates mechanical properties and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simultaneously evaluate real-time conversion, temperature development, and optical properties of dental composites.
  • To investigate the effect of filler loading and initiator concentration on these parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Prepared dimethacrylate resins (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA) with varying filler (0-70%) and initiator (CQ/EDMAB) concentrations.
  • Exposed specimens to low (50mW/cm²) and high (500mW/cm²) irradiance.
  • Measured simultaneous conversion, temperature, and light transmission during polymerization.

Main Results:

  • Refractive index correlated linearly with conversion (r²=0.976), achieving a match around 58% conversion.
  • Increased filler levels enhanced the percentage increase in light transmission during conversion.
  • Higher initiator (CQ) content shifted optimal light transmission to slightly higher conversion levels.

Conclusions:

  • Highly filled composites can compromise light transmission, conversion, and depth of cure.
  • A complex interplay exists between dental composite materials, processing conditions, and optical properties.
  • Understanding these relationships is vital for optimizing clinical performance.