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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the timing and level of...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Interplay between chromatin remodeling and epigenetic changes during lineage-specific commitment to granzyme B

Torsten Juelich1, Elissa L Sutcliffe, Elissa Sutcliffe

  • 1Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|November 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Chromatin remodeling and histone modifications are crucial for cell-specific gene expression. In T lymphocytes, histone H3 loss at the granzyme B promoter is insufficient for high gene expression, requiring distinct epigenetic marks in CD8(+) T cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cell-specific gene expression relies on chromatin remodeling and histone modifications.
  • The precise integration of these epigenetic mechanisms for acquiring distinct cell functions remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of chromatin remodeling and histone modifications in granzyme B gene expression during T lymphocyte activation.
  • To elucidate the differential epigenetic patterns between CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes.
  • Analysis of histone H3 loss at the granzyme B proximal promoter.
  • Assessment of key epigenetic marks, including H3 acetylation and methylation.

Main Results:

  • Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells exhibit rapid histone H3 loss at the granzyme B proximal promoter upon activation.
  • Only CD8(+) T cells express high levels of granzyme B.
  • CD8(+) T cells display distinct patterns of H3 acetylation and methylation compared to CD4(+) T cells.

Conclusions:

  • Histone loss at the granzyme B promoter is a common event in activated T cells but is not sufficient for high-level gene expression.
  • A specific combination of histone modifications (acetylation and methylation) is essential for high granzyme B transcription in CD8(+) T cells.
  • These findings highlight the intricate epigenetic regulation underlying cell-specific gene expression in lymphocytes.