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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Proinsulin C-peptide regulates ribosomal RNA expression.

Emma Lindahl1, Ulrika Nyman, Farasat Zaman

  • 1Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|November 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Proinsulin C-peptide enters cells and targets the nucleoli, promoting ribosomal RNA gene transcription. This peptide enhances cell proliferation, suggesting it acts as a growth factor.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Proinsulin C-peptide is known to be internalized by cells.
  • The specific function of intracellular C-peptide has remained largely undefined.
  • Understanding C-peptide's intracellular role is crucial for its broader biological significance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the intracellular localization and function of proinsulin C-peptide.
  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying C-peptide's intracellular actions.
  • To determine if C-peptide exhibits growth factor-like properties.

Main Methods:

  • Cellular internalization and subcellular localization studies of C-peptide.
  • Analysis of C-peptide's interaction with histones and histone modifications.
  • Assessment of ribosomal RNA gene transcription rates.
  • Cell proliferation assays in chondrocytes and HEK-293 cells.

Main Results:

  • C-peptide is localized to the nucleoli after cellular entry.
  • C-peptide binds to histones and enhances H4K16 acetylation at ribosomal RNA gene promoters.
  • C-peptide stimulates ribosomal RNA synthesis.
  • C-peptide promotes proliferation in chondrocytes and HEK-293 cells.

Conclusions:

  • Intracellular C-peptide regulates ribosomal RNA gene transcription via histone modification.
  • C-peptide exhibits growth factor activity, influencing cell proliferation.
  • This discovery provides a novel mechanism for C-peptide's cellular functions.