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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

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Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

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In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR (Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly) Route

Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR (Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly) Route

Published on: April 3, 2016

Alkane activation over acidic zeolites: the first step.

Benoit Louis¹, M Maciel Pereira, Fabiana M Santos

¹Laboratoire des Matériaux Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse, Member of ELCASS (European Laboratory for Catalysis and Surface Sciences), UMR 7515 CNRS, 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|November 18, 2009

Summary

Strong acid sites on zeolites activate alkanes via sigma-bond protolysis, forming key reaction intermediates. This study clarifies hydrocarbon activation mechanisms on solid acid catalysts at mild temperatures.

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Area of Science:

Catalysis
Physical Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

The initial step in heterogeneous acid-catalyzed alkane activation has been debated.
Understanding this step is crucial for developing efficient catalytic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the primary mechanism of alkane activation on strong acid sites.
To resolve the controversy surrounding the formation of reaction intermediates.

Main Methods:

Gas chromatography and online mass spectrometry were employed.
Reactions were conducted using H-zeolites and D-zeolites with isobutane at 473 K.

Main Results:

H2 and methane were primary products over H-zeolites.
HD and CH3D were primary products over D-zeolites.
Evidence supports sigma-bond protolysis as the initial activation step.

Conclusions:

Hydrocarbon activation on zeolites at mild temperatures initiates via sigma-bond protolysis.
This mechanism is analogous to activation pathways observed in liquid superacid media.