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Related Concept Videos

Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
Classical Conditioning in Daily Life01:17

Classical Conditioning in Daily Life

Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner famously demonstrated the development of fear through classical conditioning in their experiment with Little Albert. They paired the...
Magical Thinking01:29

Magical Thinking

Magical thinking encompasses the belief in assumptions that defy logical reasoning yet appear intuitively convincing. It is a common psychological phenomenon that persists across various cultural and individual contexts. While these assumptions contradict empirical evidence and scientific laws, they often serve meaningful psychological roles in promoting emotional resilience and a sense of control, especially under stress or uncertainty.Thought-Action Fusion and the Law of SimilarityA key...
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
Conditioned Taste Aversion01:14

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single exposure...
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
08:05

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers

Published on: January 5, 2018

[Postconditioning is a universal protective phenomenon].

L N Maslov, T Krig, V diwan

    Patologicheskaia Fiziologiia I Eksperimental'Naia Terapiia
    |November 18, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Postconditioning protects organs from reperfusion injury, enhancing recovery after events like heart attacks. This strategy improves tolerance in the heart, brain, and other vital organs.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Physiology
    • Pathology

    Background:

    • Reperfusion injury significantly impacts outcomes following ischemic events.
    • Limited therapeutic options exist to mitigate organ damage during reperfusion.
    • Postconditioning is an emerging strategy to protect organs from reperfusion-related damage.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review and synthesize existing literature on the protective effects of postconditioning.
    • To evaluate the efficacy of postconditioning in various organs and clinical settings.
    • To discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms of postconditioning's protective action.

    Main Methods:

    • Comprehensive literature review of studies on postconditioning.
    • Analysis of data from clinical observations and experimental studies.

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    Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
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    Published on: August 24, 2012

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    A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
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    Published on: January 5, 2018

    Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
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    Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

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  • Discussion of molecular pathways involved in postconditioning.

    • Main Results:

    • Postconditioning enhances cardiac tolerance to reperfusion-induced arrhythmias.
    • It prevents the no-reflow phenomenon and reduces cardiomyocyte necrosis and apoptosis.
    • Clinical data show high efficacy in acute myocardial infarction patients.
    • Postconditioning improves tolerance to reperfusion injury in brain, spinal cord, kidneys, liver, intestine, and skeletal muscles.

    Conclusions:

    • Postconditioning is a clinically effective strategy for reducing reperfusion injury.
    • It offers broad organ protection, including cardiac, neurological, and visceral tissues.
    • Further research into its molecular mechanisms may reveal novel therapeutic targets.