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Chromosome Replication

Chromosome Replication

Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins. This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin of...

DNA Replication

DNA Replication

DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied. After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
DNA replication uses a large number of...

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.

The DNA Replication Fork

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork. Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...

The DNA Replication Fork

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork. Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Published on: October 27, 2011

DNA replication, development and cancer: a homeotic connection?

Arturo Falaschi¹, Gulnara Abdurashidova, Giuseppe Biamonti

¹Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy. falaschi@icgeb.org

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

|November 19, 2009

Summary

Homeotic proteins, crucial for development, can act as oncoproteins. These transcription factors directly engage with DNA replication origins, linking normal development to cancer.

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Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Published on: December 10, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Published on: October 27, 2011

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Published on: December 10, 2012

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Developmental Biology
Cancer Biology

Background:

Homeotic proteins are conserved transcription factors vital for metazoan development and differentiation.
They regulate cell proliferation and can function as proto-oncogenes, with translocations leading to tumors.
Dysregulation of homeotic proteins is implicated in various cancers, particularly in the hematopoietic system.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of homeotic proteins in DNA replication.
To identify homeotic proteins that bind to DNA replication origins.
To explore the connection between homeotic proteins, DNA replication, and cancer.

Main Methods:

A one-hybrid screen was employed to identify proteins with affinity for the lamin B2 replication origin.
In vitro and in vivo binding assays were used to assess interactions with DNA replication origins.
Protein-protein interaction studies were conducted to analyze interactions with cell cycle regulators.

Main Results:

Three homeotic proteins (HoxA13, HoxC10, HoxC13) were identified as having affinity for the lamin B2 replication origin.
HoxC13 was found to associate with replication foci and bind to human DNA replication origins.
Hox proteins interact with geminin and regulate its association with the DNA replication licensing factor Ctd1.

Conclusions:

Homeotic proteins directly participate in the function of DNA replication origins.
This direct involvement provides a link between the precise DNA replication needed for development and its deregulation in cancer.
Hox proteins represent a potential mechanistic link between cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, and oncogenesis.