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Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

In Vitro Culture Strategy for Oocytes from Early Antral Follicle in Cattle

In Vitro Culture Strategy for Oocytes from Early Antral Follicle in Cattle

Published on: July 8, 2020

Thyroid hormone supplementation improves bovine embryo development in vitro.

Fazl A Ashkar¹, Esther Semple, Chris H Schmidt

¹Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.

Human Reproduction (Oxford, England)

|November 19, 2009

Summary

Thyroid hormones (THs) significantly improve early embryo development (EED) in bovine models, enhancing blastocyst formation, hatching rates, and embryo quality. This supplementation also boosts post-cryopreservation viability, optimizing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs).

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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Area of Science:

Reproductive Biology
Endocrinology
Developmental Biology

Background:

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) rely on early embryo development (EED), but current media lack thyroid hormones (THs).
THs are crucial for post-implantation mammalian development, yet their role in pre-attachment embryos is unknown.
This study investigates the impact of THs on bovine EED.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the presence of THs in the bovine oviduct and uterine horn.
To examine the effects of TH supplementation on bovine pre-attachment embryo development in vitro.
To assess the influence of THs on embryo quality and post-cryopreservation survival.

Main Methods:

Evaluated TH presence in bovine oviductal and uterine horn tissues.
Supplemented in vitro embryo culture media with triiodothyronine-T3 and thyroxin-T4 (50 ng/ml each).
Assessed cleavage, blastocyst formation, hatching rates, embryo quality (TUNEL assay), and post-cryopreservation viability.

Main Results:

TH supplementation significantly increased blastocyst formation and hatching rates (P < 0.05).
Embryo quality improved, with higher total cell counts and reduced apoptosis (P < 0.05).
TH-treated embryos showed enhanced post-cryopreservation viability, including re-expansion and hatching rates (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

TH supplementation optimizes bovine early embryo development in vitro.
Findings enhance understanding of THs' role in mammalian embryonic development.
This approach offers a method for improving ART efficiency.