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Related Concept Videos

Plasticity00:58

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Cell state switching factors and dynamical patterning modules: complementary mediators of plasticity in development

Stuart A Newman1, Ramray Bhat, Nadejda V Mezentseva

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. newman@nymc.edu

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Ancient multicellular animals evolved from single-celled organisms. Developmental transcription factors (DTFs) and dynamical patterning modules (DPMs) drove the evolution of cell differentiation and complex body structures from ancestral cellular plasticity.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Metazoan organisms evolved from unicellular eukaryotes with sophisticated transcription factor networks.
  • These networks enabled phenotypic plasticity, allowing gene activity to switch in response to environmental cues.
  • This plasticity formed the basis for cell differentiation and the evolution of developmental transcription factors (DTFs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary origins of metazoan development.
  • To describe the roles of developmental transcription factors (DTFs) and dynamical patterning modules (DPMs) in evolution.
  • To present examples of DTFs and DPMs in avian limb bud development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on evolutionary developmental mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the roles of DTFs in cell differentiation.
  • Examination of DPMs in the context of morphogenesis and physical forces.
  • Case study of avian limb bud mesenchyme plasticity.

Main Results:

  • Cell differentiation originated from ancestral phenotypic plasticity and evolving DTFs.
  • Pattern formation and morphogenesis arose from dynamical patterning modules (DPMs), starting with cell-cell adhesion.
  • Minimal gene evolution was required for DPMs to create complex structures from simple cell aggregates.
  • Avian limb bud mesenchyme exemplifies retained developmental plasticity with characterized DTFs and DPMs.

Conclusions:

  • Metazoan morphology and cell differentiation evolved from cellular and tissue plasticity.
  • DTFs and DPMs are key, complementary components in the evolution of developmental mechanisms.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into developmental plasticity and evolutionary processes.