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Anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence: an emerging disorder
Gen Kanayama1, Kirk J Brower, Ruth I Wood
1Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Addiction (Abingdon, England)
|November 20, 2009
Summary
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) can cause a distinct dependence syndrome, affecting 30% of users. This condition, marked by continued use despite harm, shares mechanisms with opioid dependence and requires tailored diagnostic criteria.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Neuroscience
- Psychiatry
Background:
- Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are frequently misused for physique enhancement.
- Evidence suggests AAS use may lead to a dependence syndrome with adverse health consequences.
Observation:
- AAS dependence affects approximately 30% of users, characterized by compulsive use despite negative impacts.
- Animal models demonstrate AAS self-administration and withdrawal symptoms, indicating addictive potential.
- Neuroendocrine and cortical neurotransmitter systems, potentially involving opioidergic mechanisms, mediate AAS dependence.
Findings:
- AAS dependence shares similarities with classical drug dependence, including withdrawal symptoms.
- Unlike acutely intoxicating drugs, AAS provide delayed gratification through muscle gain rather than immediate euphoria.
- Standard substance dependence criteria may need adaptation for cumulatively acting substances like AAS.
Implications:
- AAS dependence is a recognized diagnostic entity and a potential public health concern.
- Understanding shared brain mechanisms with opioid dependence is crucial for treatment.
- Further research is necessary to define risk factors and develop effective interventions for AAS dependence.
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