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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
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Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
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Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) packaging size limit.

Krishnamurthy Konduru1, Siham M Nakamura, Gerardo G Kaplan

  • 1Laboratory of Hepatitis and Related Emerging Agents, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. Krishnamurthy.konduru@fda.hhs.gov

Virology Journal
|November 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) can package up to 600 nucleotides of foreign genetic material. Larger insertions, around 1,000 nucleotides, prevent HAV infectivity, defining a critical packaging size limit.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hepatitis A virus (HAV) causes acute hepatitis but is difficult to culture and lacks cytopathic effects.
  • Previous studies inserted foreign sequences into the HAV genome, but its packaging size limit remained unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the maximum size of additional sequences that the Hepatitis A virus genome can tolerate while maintaining infectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Transfection of Hepatitis A virus constructs with varying lengths of foreign gene insertions (blasticidin resistance, GFP-blasticidin, hygromycin resistance) into FRhK4 cells.
  • Cloning of Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) into the 5' non-translated region (NTR) to assess positional effects on packaging.
  • Antibiotic selection and passage analysis to evaluate viral viability and sequence integrity.

Main Results:

  • HAV constructs with ~456-606 nt insertions (blasticidin resistance gene, EMCV IRES) yielded viable viruses after transfection and selection.
  • HAV constructs with larger insertions (~1,000 nt for GFP-blasticidin or hygromycin resistance) did not produce viable colonies.
  • HAV constructs with both 5' NTR IRES and 2A-2B junction insertions showed deletions in inserted sequences when rescued without antibiotic selection.

Conclusions:

  • The Hepatitis A virus particle has a packaging capacity limit of approximately 600 nucleotides for additional sequences.
  • Insertions exceeding this limit compromise viral infectivity and genome integrity.