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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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Published on: April 15, 2015

Dissociating response conflict and error likelihood in anterior cingulate cortex.

Nick Yeung1, Sander Nieuwenhuis

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom. nicholas.yeung@psy.ox.ac.uk

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|November 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) monitors for response conflict, not error likelihood, during demanding cognitive tasks. This neuroimaging study supports the conflict-monitoring theory by showing ACC activity tracks conflict, not errors.

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Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity correlates with cognitive demand.
  • Two theories exist: ACC monitors conflict or learns from errors.
  • Empirically distinguishing these theories is challenging due to confounding factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To computationally simulate and empirically test contrasting predictions of conflict-monitoring and error-likelihood theories of ACC function.
  • To dissociate response conflict and error likelihood using response speed.
  • To investigate the role of ACC in cognitive control during speeded decision tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Computational simulations to derive predictions for ACC activity and error rate based on response speed.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) to measure ACC activity via the N2 component.
  • Experimental design to dissociate conflict and error likelihood.

Main Results:

  • Simulations revealed a dissociation: fast trials have high error likelihood/low conflict; slow trials have low error likelihood/high conflict.
  • EEG data showed ACC activity (N2 component) tracked response conflict.
  • ACC activity was negatively correlated with error likelihood when conflict and error likelihood were dissociated.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the conflict-monitoring theory of ACC function.
  • ACC activity in speeded tasks reflects current cognitive demands (conflict), not past errors.
  • This research clarifies the role of ACC in cognitive control and decision-making.