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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Published on: July 5, 2021

Endoscopic forehead and brow lift.

Gregory S Keller¹, Grigoriy Mashkevich

¹Division of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS

|November 20, 2009

Summary

The endoscopic forehead lift is a preferred aesthetic surgery. Mastering this technique requires expertise in endoscopic equipment, surgical goals, and anatomical changes for effective brow-forehead rejuvenation.

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Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Minimally Invasive Surgery

Background:

The endoscopic brow-forehead lift has become a leading procedure in aesthetic surgery.
Successful outcomes depend on technical skill, understanding surgical objectives, and anatomical knowledge.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the senior author's experience with endoscopic forehead lifting.
To provide a detailed, stepwise approach to this complex surgical procedure.

Main Methods:

Review of the senior author's experience with endoscopic forehead lifts.
Delineation of a stepwise surgical approach.
Highlighting key aspects of patient care, equipment, and anatomy.

Main Results:

The manuscript details a comprehensive approach to endoscopic forehead rejuvenation.
"Keller's rules of fours" are presented as surgical pearls.

Conclusions:

Safe and reliable endoscopic forehead lifting is achievable with expertise and meticulous technique.
This review offers valuable insights for surgeons performing endoscopic brow-forehead lifts.

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Published on: July 5, 2021