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Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Sutures of the Skull

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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The Effect of Aging on Tissues

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla

Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla

Published on: October 18, 2021

The aging midfacial skeleton: implications for rejuvenation and reconstruction using implants.

E Matros¹, A Momoh, M J Yaremchuk

¹Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.

Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS

|November 20, 2009

Summary

Facial aging involves skeletal changes, not just soft tissues. Midface skeletal augmentation using porous polyethylene implants effectively reverses age-related bone loss and restores facial proportions.

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3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects

3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects

Published on: August 4, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla

Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla

Published on: October 18, 2021

3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects

3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects

Published on: August 4, 2020

Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Anatomy
Biomaterials

Background:

Traditional facial aging theories focus on soft tissue ptosis.
Anatomic studies reveal significant age-related craniofacial skeletal changes.
Current rejuvenation methods often overlook skeletal contributions to aging.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate midface skeletal augmentation using porous polyethylene implants for facial rejuvenation.
To demonstrate the efficacy of skeletal implants in reversing age-related midface changes.
To explore the use of skeletal implants in correcting midface deficiencies.

Main Methods:

Utilized porous polyethylene implants for midface skeletal augmentation.
Focused on patients with intact occlusion experiencing age-related skeletal changes.
Employed implants to increase skeletal projection and support soft tissues.

Main Results:

Midface skeletal augmentation effectively reverses age-related skeletal changes.
Implants correct concave facial morphology by enhancing projection.
Skeletal augmentation provides a platform for resuspending descended cheek soft tissues.
The procedure is effective in restoring facial proportions in cases of midface deficiency.

Conclusions:

Midface skeletal augmentation with porous polyethylene implants is a viable method for facial rejuvenation.
This technique addresses underlying skeletal deficiencies contributing to facial aging.
Skeletal implants offer a solution for both aesthetic aging and structural midface deformities.