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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis A and E: update on prevention and epidemiology.

David FitzSimons1, Greet Hendrickx, Alex Vorsters

  • 1World Health Organization, Via Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.

Vaccine
|November 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis A is a growing global concern, especially in intermediate regions. Hepatitis E is emerging, requiring further research, with promising vaccine data discussed.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health Virology

Background:

  • Review of the current epidemiology and prevention strategies for Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV).
  • Emphasis on the increasing public health significance of HAV, particularly in regions with intermediate endemicity.
  • Highlighting HEV as an emerging pathogen requiring further investigation into transmission, clinical features, and disease burden.

Framework:

  • Expert meeting organized by the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board (VHPB) in March 2009.
  • International collaboration involving public health and academic experts.
  • State-of-the-art review of HAV and HEV epidemiology and prevention.

Implementation:

  • Presentation of current knowledge on HAV epidemiology and global control needs.
  • Discussion of emerging data on HEV, including transmission routes and disease burden.
  • Exploration of initial findings on the safety and efficacy of Hepatitis E vaccines.

Implications:

  • Need for global control strategies for Hepatitis A.
  • Urgent requirement for further research to fully understand Hepatitis E.
  • Promising outlook for Hepatitis E vaccine development and potential public health impact.