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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a membrane...
Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
Activation of Integrins01:15

Activation of Integrins

Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
In "outside-in signaling," external factors in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand binding sites on integrins. This causes the inactive protein to undergo a conformational change to become active. Integrins are often clustered on the cell membrane. Repetitive and regularly spaced ligand binding events provide an effective stimulus.
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Evaluation of the Interplay Between the Complement Protein C1q and Hyaluronic Acid in Promoting Cell Adhesion
06:54

Evaluation of the Interplay Between the Complement Protein C1q and Hyaluronic Acid in Promoting Cell Adhesion

Published on: June 15, 2019

C3, C5, and factor B bind to chitosan without complement activation.

C Marchand1, J Bachand, J Périnêt

  • 1Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A
|November 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chitosan does not directly activate the complement system. Instead, anionic serum proteins bind electrostatically to chitosan, influencing interactions and wound repair mechanisms.

More Related Videos

Measuring the 50% Haemolytic Complement (CH50) Activity of Serum
08:26

Measuring the 50% Haemolytic Complement (CH50) Activity of Serum

Published on: March 29, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Evaluation of the Interplay Between the Complement Protein C1q and Hyaluronic Acid in Promoting Cell Adhesion
06:54

Evaluation of the Interplay Between the Complement Protein C1q and Hyaluronic Acid in Promoting Cell Adhesion

Published on: June 15, 2019

Measuring the 50% Haemolytic Complement (CH50) Activity of Serum
08:26

Measuring the 50% Haemolytic Complement (CH50) Activity of Serum

Published on: March 29, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Chitosan, a biocompatible polysaccharide, is known to stimulate wound repair and attract neutrophils, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear.
  • Previous studies suggested chitosan activates the complement system, leading to C5a generation, a factor that attracts neutrophils.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether chitosan generates C5a in human whole blood, plasma, and serum.
  • To elucidate the interaction mechanisms between chitosan and complement proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments were conducted using human whole blood, citrated plasma, serum, and modified plasma samples.
  • Complement activation markers (C5a, thrombin, platelet activation) were measured.
  • Surface plasmon resonance was used to study protein adsorption to chitosan.
  • Zymosan was used as a positive control for complement activation.

Main Results:

  • C5a generation was observed in whole blood and chitosan-glycerol phosphate/whole blood mixtures, correlating with thrombin and platelet activation.
  • Chitosan did not generate C5a in plasma or serum.
  • Complement proteins (C3, C5, Factor B) adsorbed noncovalently to chitosan particles in various plasma and serum conditions.
  • Surface plasmon resonance confirmed C3 adsorption to chitosan, driven by electrostatic interactions with anionic proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Chitosan is a nonreactive biomaterial that does not directly activate the complement system.
  • Anionic serum proteins bind electrostatically to cationic chitosan particles.
  • These findings provide a new framework for understanding protein-chitosan interactions and their role in biological processes.