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Related Concept Videos

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow specific...
C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several types of...
Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several types of...

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Voltage and Calcium Dual Channel Optical Mapping of Cultured HL-1 Atrial Myocyte Monolayer
08:25

Voltage and Calcium Dual Channel Optical Mapping of Cultured HL-1 Atrial Myocyte Monolayer

Published on: March 23, 2015

Ca(2+) channels on the move.

Colin W Taylor1, David L Prole, Taufiq Rahman

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK. cwt1000@cam.ac.uk

Biochemistry
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium (Ca2+) signaling relies on organized channel trafficking. This review explores how cells manage Ca2+ channel transport and why some channels appear in the plasma membrane.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Calcium ions (Ca2+) act as crucial intracellular messengers, with their signaling efficacy dependent on spatial organization.
  • Cytosolic Ca2+ signals are primarily generated by regulated Ca2+-permeable channels located in various cellular membranes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the trafficking mechanisms of Ca2+ channels from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to their functional destinations.
  • To investigate the reasons behind the presence of intracellular Ca2+ channels, such as inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) and ryanodine receptors (RyR), in the plasma membrane (PM).

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Ca2+ channel biogenesis, trafficking, and localization.
  • Analysis of selective examples illustrating channel transport pathways and membrane targeting.

Main Results:

  • Ca2+ channels are assembled in the ER and subsequently trafficked to their designated cellular locations.
  • Mechanisms preventing aberrant channel activity during transport are essential for organized signaling.
  • The presence of IP3R and RyR in the PM in certain cell types remains an area of interest.

Conclusions:

  • Proper trafficking of Ca2+ channels from the ER is critical for generating spatially organized Ca2+ signals.
  • Understanding the regulation of Ca2+ channel transport and localization provides insights into cellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
  • The functional significance of PM-localized IP3R and RyR warrants further investigation.