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Replication in Prokaryotes02:35

Replication in Prokaryotes

Overview
Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...
Replication in Prokaryotes02:35

Replication in Prokaryotes

Overview
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Inducing a Site Specific Replication Blockage in E. coli Using a Fluorescent Repressor Operator System
11:19

Inducing a Site Specific Replication Blockage in E. coli Using a Fluorescent Repressor Operator System

Published on: August 21, 2016

Pseudoreplication is a pseudoproblem.

Jeffrey C Schank1, Thomas J Koehnle

  • 1Department of Psychology and Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. jcschank@ucdavis.edu

Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pseudoreplication, a key issue in ecology, is critically examined. This study argues its core concepts misunderstand statistical independence and experimental design, advocating for merit-based research evaluation.

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Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform
10:49

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform

Published on: October 17, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Inducing a Site Specific Replication Blockage in E. coli Using a Fluorescent Repressor Operator System
11:19

Inducing a Site Specific Replication Blockage in E. coli Using a Fluorescent Repressor Operator System

Published on: August 21, 2016

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform
10:49

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform

Published on: October 17, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Animal Behavior
  • Experimental Design
  • Statistical Inference

Background:

  • Pseudoreplication has been a highly influential methodological concern in ecological and animal behavior research.
  • The concept of pseudoreplication aimed to establish unified criteria for experimental design and analysis in scientific manuscripts.
  • Despite its impact, critical analysis of pseudoreplication has been limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the ongoing criticism of the concept of pseudoreplication.
  • To argue that the foundational ideas of pseudoreplication are based on misinterpretations of statistical independence and control groups.
  • To explore how other research fields have addressed similar experimental design challenges with advanced statistical methods.

Main Methods:

  • Critical analysis of the concept of pseudoreplication.
  • Examination of the statistical underpinnings of experimental design.
  • Review of alternative statistical approaches used in other research areas.

Main Results:

  • The core tenets of pseudoreplication are based on a flawed understanding of statistical independence and the role of control groups.
  • Similar methodological challenges in experimental design have been successfully addressed in other fields through advanced statistical techniques.
  • There are no universal criteria for evaluating experimental research; each study must be assessed individually.

Conclusions:

  • The concept of pseudoreplication as a universal criterion for experimental validity is challenged.
  • A more nuanced approach to experimental design and analysis, considering statistical independence and context, is necessary.
  • Evaluating research on its own merits, rather than through rigid doctrines, is essential for scientific progress.