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Related Concept Videos

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...
The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...
Replication in Prokaryotes02:35

Replication in Prokaryotes

Overview
Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...

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Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform
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Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform

Published on: October 17, 2019

Pseudoreplication is (still) a problem.

Todd M Freeberg1, Jeffrey R Lucas

  • 1University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. tfreeber@utk.edu

Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study revisits Hurlbert's (1984) seminal work on pseudoreplication in experimental design. It argues that pseudoreplication remains a critical issue, contrary to recent claims, and highlights evolving statistical methods.

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Experimental Design
  • Statistical Methods

Background:

  • Hurlbert (1984) identified statistical issues of pseudoreplication in experimental data.
  • This work became foundational for robust experimental design across scientific disciplines.
  • Schank and Koehnle (2009) recently posited that pseudoreplication is no longer a significant concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To contest the assertion by Schank and Koehnle (2009) that pseudoreplication is an obsolete issue.
  • To identify and critique misinterpretations of Hurlbert's (1984) original arguments regarding pseudoreplication.
  • To discuss how advancements in statistical techniques impact the relevance of Hurlbert's original recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • Critical analysis of the literature on pseudoreplication.
  • Comparative review of Hurlbert (1984) and Schank and Koehnle (2009).
  • Examination of the evolution of statistical methodologies for detecting and addressing pseudoreplication.

Main Results:

  • Identified several distortions of Hurlbert's (1984) work in Schank and Koehnle (2009).
  • Demonstrated that pseudoreplication continues to be a relevant problem in experimental design.
  • Highlighted how modern statistical approaches offer more powerful solutions than those available in 1984.

Conclusions:

  • Pseudoreplication remains a critical issue in experimental design, contrary to claims by Schank and Koehnle (2009).
  • Misinterpretations of Hurlbert's (1984) foundational work persist.
  • The field must adapt to evolving statistical methods for robust experimental design and data analysis.