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Penicillin, one of the earliest and most widely used antibiotics, is produced industrially by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Large stirred-tank bioreactors ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands of liters maintain tightly controlled temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen conditions to support fungal metabolism and maximize antibiotic yield. Penicillin is a secondary metabolite, synthesized primarily during the stationary growth phase, which requires a carefully managed...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Production of Metal Nanoparticles by Pulsed Laser-ablation in Liquids: A Tool for Studying the Antibacterial Properties of Nanoparticles
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Production of nanoparticles using organisms.

Hassan Korbekandi1, Siavash Iravani, Sajjad Abbasi

  • 1Genetics & Molecular Biology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. korbekandi@pharm.mui.ac.ir

Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Biological systems and microorganisms offer eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis. Researchers are exploring these organisms for controlled nanoparticle production, focusing on environmentally conscious nanoscience and nanotechnology applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Biological systems and microorganisms are increasingly recognized for their role in synthesizing nanomaterials.
  • These natural systems offer a unique potential for the environmentally friendly production and accumulation of nanoparticles with diverse characteristics.
  • Current research focuses on harnessing these biological mechanisms for advanced nanotechnology applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the significant role of biological systems and microorganisms in the biosynthesis of nanomaterials.
  • To highlight the potential of these organisms in producing nanoparticles with controlled properties.
  • To showcase various organisms utilized in nanoparticle synthesis for diverse applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent developments in biosynthesis of nanomaterials.
  • Analysis of biological mechanisms and enzymatic processes involved in nanoparticle production.
  • Compilation and presentation of various microorganisms employed in nanoparticle synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of the crucial role of biological systems in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
  • Identification of microorganisms as key players in the environmentally friendly production of nanoparticles.
  • Overview of the capability of these organisms to yield nanoparticles with controlled monodispersity, desired morphologies, and specific particle sizes.

Conclusions:

  • Biological systems and microorganisms are vital for sustainable and controlled nanoparticle synthesis.
  • Further investigation into these biological mechanisms can lead to advancements in nanotechnology.
  • The reviewed organisms represent a promising avenue for green chemistry approaches in nanomaterial production.