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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation
04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Refreshing and integrating visual scenes in scene-selective cortex.

Soojin Park1, Marvin M Chun, Marcia K Johnson

  • 1Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. sjpark31@mit.edu

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thinking about a scene after it disappears helps maintain visual information. The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) creates view-invariant refreshed scene representations, unlike the parahippocampal place area (PPA).

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Maintaining a coherent visual experience requires recalling unseen information.
  • Mental refreshing of stimuli can influence activity in visual brain areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if refreshed scene representations in the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) are view-specific or view-invariant.
  • To understand the neural mechanisms of integrating multiple views in the mind.

Main Methods:

  • Used fMRI to measure brain activity in PPA and RSC.
  • Participants viewed a scene, then mentally refreshed a part of it after it disappeared.
  • Manipulated refresh cues to appear on the same or different sides of the visual field.

Main Results:

  • Both PPA and RSC showed view-specific activity for physically repeated scene parts.
  • PPA exhibited view-specific activity for refreshed scene parts.
  • RSC showed equal activation for same- and different-side refreshed scene parts, indicating view-invariant representations.

Conclusions:

  • Refreshed representations in the PPA are view-specific.
  • Refreshed representations in the RSC are view-invariant, extending beyond the cued portion to the entire scene.
  • RSC activity during refreshing may integrate multiple views mentally.