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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...

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Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
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Identifying coevolutionary patterns in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules.

Xiaowei Jiang1, Mario A Fares

  • 1Evolutionary Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. jiangx@tcd.ie

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Coevolutionary analysis reveals strong links between immune molecules like human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and T-cell receptors (TCRs). These interactions, driven by host-pathogen dynamics, shape immune system evolution and function.

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Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
09:32

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: October 15, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The immune system relies on complex interactions between antigenic peptides, MHC (HLA), coreceptors (CD4/CD8), and TCRs.
  • Understanding coevolutionary links among these molecules is crucial for deciphering host-pathogen interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate coevolutionary dependencies among immune molecules involved in initiating immune responses.
  • To identify specific coevolutionary patterns within and between HLA class I and II, CD4/CD8, and TCRs.

Main Methods:

  • Exhaustive coevolution analysis of protein domains and amino acid sites.
  • Identification of intramolecular and intermolecular coevolutionary patterns.
  • Analysis of positive Darwinian selection acting on coevolving sites.

Main Results:

  • Strong intramolecular coevolution was identified in HLA class I and II domains critical for immune function.
  • Many coevolving sites in HLA class I showed evidence of positive Darwinian selection, indicating adaptive value.
  • Coevolution was observed between antigen-binding pockets and TCR-binding sites in HLA molecules.
  • Coevolutionary signals were stronger in HLA class I compared to HLA class II.

Conclusions:

  • Coevolutionary patterns in HLA molecules are significantly shaped by host-pathogen selective pressures.
  • Cooperative binding interactions involving TCRs, antigenic peptides, and CD4/CD8 coreceptors contribute to these coevolutionary dynamics.
  • These findings provide insights into the evolutionary arms race between hosts and pathogens and the functional adaptations of the immune system.