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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...

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Published on: August 24, 2017

Mapping cortical hubs in tinnitus.

Winfried Schlee1, Nadia Mueller, Thomas Hartmann

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany. winfried.schlee@uni-konstanz.de

BMC Biology
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that tinnitus involves altered long-range brain network connectivity, particularly in the gamma frequency range. Increased top-down influence on auditory areas correlates with tinnitus distress severity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Brain Connectivity

Background:

  • Subjective tinnitus is the perception of sound without an external source.
  • Tinnitus is linked to auditory cortex hyperactivity and changes in non-auditory brain regions.
  • Previous research lacked investigation into long-range information flow between these brain areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate long-range cortical network differences between tinnitus sufferers and healthy controls.
  • To analyze information flow and identify network hubs in the resting state brain activity.

Main Methods:

  • Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to record brain activity in 23 tinnitus patients and 24 controls.
  • A beamforming technique reconstructed brain activity at the source level.
  • Partial Directed Coherence (PDC) analyzed directed functional coupling between brain regions.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in global brain networks were found between groups, primarily in the gamma frequency range.
  • The prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and parieto-occipital region acted as core network hubs.
  • Greater information flow from the global network to the temporal cortex correlated with higher tinnitus distress.

Conclusions:

  • Tinnitus-related temporal cortex hyperactivity is integrated within a global long-range cortical network.
  • Top-down network influence on temporal areas is associated with the subjective severity of tinnitus distress.