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Related Concept Videos

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Tail-anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:45

Tail-anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane

Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation
09:04

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Published on: September 7, 2010

Toll-like receptor 9: AEP takes control.

Peter van Endert1

  • 1Inserm, U580, Paris 75015, France. peter.van-endert@inserm.fr

Immunity
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) needs protease enzymes to become active. Asparaginyl endopeptidase is identified as a key protease controlling TLR9 maturation in dendritic cells.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is crucial for innate immunity, recognizing microbial DNA.
  • TLR9 requires proteolytic processing for its signaling function, but the specific proteases involved were unknown.
  • Dendritic cells are key antigen-presenting cells that express TLR9 and play a vital role in immune responses.

Discussion:

  • This study identifies asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) as a critical protease for TLR9 maturation.
  • AEP's role in cleaving and processing TLR9 is essential for its translocation to endosomes and subsequent signaling.
  • Understanding the protease involved provides insights into the regulation of TLR9 activation and immune sensing.

Key Insights:

  • Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) is a key protease responsible for the functional maturation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9).

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Avidity-based Extracellular Interaction Screening (AVEXIS) for the Scalable Detection of Low-affinity Extracellular Receptor-Ligand Interactions
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Avidity-based Extracellular Interaction Screening (AVEXIS) for the Scalable Detection of Low-affinity Extracellular Receptor-Ligand Interactions

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Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation
09:04

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Published on: September 7, 2010

An Ecdysone Receptor-based Singular Gene Switch for Deliberate Expression of Transgene with Robustness, Reversibility, and Negligible Leakiness
06:21

An Ecdysone Receptor-based Singular Gene Switch for Deliberate Expression of Transgene with Robustness, Reversibility, and Negligible Leakiness

Published on: May 7, 2018

Avidity-based Extracellular Interaction Screening (AVEXIS) for the Scalable Detection of Low-affinity Extracellular Receptor-Ligand Interactions
12:30

Avidity-based Extracellular Interaction Screening (AVEXIS) for the Scalable Detection of Low-affinity Extracellular Receptor-Ligand Interactions

Published on: March 5, 2012

  • Proteolytic cleavage by AEP is a prerequisite for TLR9 to gain its signaling capacity.
  • This finding elucidates a critical step in the activation pathway of TLR9, a key pattern recognition receptor.

    • Outlook:

    • Further research can explore AEP's role in other TLRs and immune cells.
    • Targeting AEP could offer novel therapeutic strategies for modulating TLR9-mediated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
    • Investigating AEP's regulation and substrate specificity will deepen our understanding of innate immune signaling.