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Related Concept Videos

Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs. “eh”). Phonemes combine to...
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Language Development01:22

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
Language01:16

Language

Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
Natural and Artificial Concepts01:24

Natural and Artificial Concepts

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. Natural concepts are formed through direct or indirect experiences. For example, consider the concept of snow. If you live in a place with regular snowfall, such as Essex Junction, Vermont, you know snow through direct experiences. You’ve seen it fall, touched it, shoveled it, and played in it. You recognize its texture, appearance, and even its smell. In contrast, if you live on an island like Saint Vincent in...
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning
05:33

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning

Published on: January 29, 2020

Fluency does not express implicit knowledge of artificial grammars.

Ryan B Scott1, Zoltan Dienes

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Pevensey Building, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom. r.b.scott@sussex.ac.uk

Cognition
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Subjective familiarity, not perceptual fluency, drives accuracy in artificial grammar learning (AGL). Faster processing (fluency) only influenced judgments when explicit implicit knowledge was absent, acting as a simple heuristic.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning
05:33

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning

Published on: January 29, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Implicit knowledge is often theorized to manifest as processing fluency.
  • Artificial grammar learning (AGL) is a common paradigm for studying implicit knowledge acquisition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between perceptual fluency, subjective familiarity, and grammaticality judgments in AGL.
  • To determine the primary basis for accuracy in AGL tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a perceptual clarification task within an AGL framework.
  • Conducted four experiments manipulating perceptual fluency through varying exposure durations (brief vs. normal).
  • Assessed grammaticality judgments, subjective familiarity, and perceptual fluency.

Main Results:

  • Perceptual fluency showed a weak, inconsistent relationship with familiarity and grammaticality when not manipulated.
  • Grammatical and ungrammatical strings did not differ in perceptual fluency but varied in subjective familiarity.
  • Manipulated perceptual fluency (faster strings) increased familiarity and grammaticality endorsements, but only under brief exposure conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Subjective familiarity, originating independently of perceptual fluency, is the main driver of accuracy in AGL.
  • Perceptual fluency acts as a rudimentary heuristic, influencing responses primarily when implicit knowledge is underdeveloped.