Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Overview and Classification

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Overview and Classification

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood at designated intervals to ensure the drug concentration stays within a therapeutic range. This monitoring is crucial for optimizing individual dosage regimens, enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing drug-related toxicity. TDM is vital for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, significant variability in pharmacokinetics, and a clear correlation between plasma levels and...

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to tailor drug therapy effectively. This monitoring is critical for managing drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like digoxin and phenytoin, ensuring they are both safe and effective. For instance, monitoring theophylline levels in asthma patients involves precision and sensitivity to adjust doses according to individual responses to therapy, ensuring efficacy and...

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...

Therapeutic Index

Therapeutic Index

The therapeutic index of a drug is a key parameter in pharmacology that quantifies the relative safety of a drug by calculating the ratio between the dose that causes toxicity in half the population (50%) to the dose that proves to be effective for half the population (50%). It provides a spectrum of doses for a particular drug ranging from effective to potentially toxic. To illustrate, consider an anticoagulant agent like warfarin. It possesses a narrow window within its therapeutic index to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Effects of Baduanjin exercise on working memory in mild cognitive impairment: an fNIRS-based randomized controlled trial.

Frontiers in aging neuroscience·2026

Same author

Glutamine synthetase: Spotlighting the emerging roles in tumor progression and therapeutic avenues.

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology·2026

Same author

Multi-omics characterization of C4orf19 in HNSCC: constructing prognostic signatures for immunotherapy and chemotherapy response prediction.

BMC cancer·2026

Same author

Inducing ferroptosis in breast cancer with nanoparticles: a promising and challenging therapeutic strategy.

Journal of materials chemistry. B·2025

Same author

Effectiveness of different repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modalities on sleep function and depression in patients with post-stroke sleep disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Frontiers in neurology·2025

Same author

Lovastatin Targets the USP14-Survivin Axis to Suppress Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via Ubiquitin-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation.

Cells·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2024

Update of TTD: Therapeutic Target Database.

Feng Zhu¹, BuCong Han, Pankaj Kumar

¹Department of Pharmacy and Computation and Systems Biology, Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Nucleic Acids Research

|November 26, 2009

Summary

The updated Therapeutic Target Database (TTD) now includes extensive data on drug targets and therapies, aiding drug discovery. It features enhanced search capabilities and a significantly expanded collection of targets, drugs, and associated diseases.

More Related Videos

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization

Published on: October 3, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2024

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization

Using Human Differentially Expressed Gene Lists to Perform Downstream Pathway Enrichment Analysis and Target Prioritization

Published on: October 3, 2025

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Pharmacology
Bioinformatics

Background:

Numerous proteins, nucleic acids, and molecular entities serve as therapeutic targets for drugs.
Understanding these targets and their corresponding drugs is crucial for advancing drug discovery.
The Therapeutic Target Database (TTD) was established to consolidate information on therapeutic targets and drugs.

Purpose of the Study:

To enhance the Therapeutic Target Database (TTD) to meet the growing need for comprehensive information on drug targets and therapies.
To provide updated and expanded data on approved, clinical trial, and experimental drugs and their primary targets.

Main Methods:

The TTD was updated with new data, including information on 348 successful, 292 clinical trial, and 1254 research targets.
Data on 1514 approved, 1212 clinical trial, and 2302 experimental drugs linked to their primary targets were incorporated.
New features were added, such as access by drug mode of action, recursive and similarity searches, data download options, and standardized target IDs.

Main Results:

The updated TTD contains data on 1894 targets, 560 diseases, and 5028 drugs, a substantial increase from the previous release.
The database now includes 3382 small molecule and 649 antisense drugs with available structure and sequence information.
Enhanced data access and search functionalities facilitate efficient exploration of therapeutic target and drug information.

Conclusions:

The expanded TTD provides a valuable, comprehensive resource for researchers and drug developers.
The database supports drug discovery by offering detailed information on a wide range of therapeutic targets and drugs.
The updated TTD facilitates a deeper understanding of drug-target interactions and aids in the development of novel therapies.