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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
Disorders of Hemostasis01:24

Disorders of Hemostasis

Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.
Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Auricular Point Acupressure Therapy: A Safe and Effective Treatment for Postsurgical Abortion Recovery
07:28

Auricular Point Acupressure Therapy: A Safe and Effective Treatment for Postsurgical Abortion Recovery

Published on: February 3, 2026

Postmenopausal bleeding.

Alison Gale1, P Dey

  • 1Department of Women's Health, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Chorley District Hospital, Preston Road, Chorley, Lancashire PR7 1PP, UK. Alison.Gale@lthtr.nhs.uk

Menopause International
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) requires urgent gynecological assessment to rule out cancer. Current guidelines recommend transvaginal scanning followed by hysteroscopy for diagnosis, but patient concerns need further research.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Auricular Point Acupressure Therapy: A Safe and Effective Treatment for Postsurgical Abortion Recovery
07:28

Auricular Point Acupressure Therapy: A Safe and Effective Treatment for Postsurgical Abortion Recovery

Published on: February 3, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Oncology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is a critical symptom potentially indicating gynecological malignancy.
  • Current guidelines mandate urgent referral (within two weeks) for women with PMB to specialized gynecological cancer teams.
  • Diagnostic approaches must be accurate, patient-acceptable, and cost-effective.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current diagnostic strategies for postmenopausal bleeding.
  • To highlight the role of transvaginal scanning and hysteroscopy.
  • To identify gaps in understanding patient perspectives on PMB assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current guidelines and diagnostic modalities for PMB.
  • Discussion of hysteroscopy as the gold standard for uterine cavity visualization.
  • Identification of transvaginal scanning as the recommended first-line investigation.

Main Results:

  • Transvaginal scanning is the initial investigation to select patients for further evaluation.
  • Hysteroscopy is indicated for thickened endometrium on scan or recurrent bleeding with negative scans.
  • There is limited research on women's knowledge, attitudes, and concerns regarding PMB assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Established diagnostic pathways exist for PMB, prioritizing malignancy exclusion.
  • Further research is needed to understand patient experiences and inform support strategies.
  • Addressing patient knowledge and concerns is crucial for effective PMB management.