Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
Published on: October 14, 2022
Ahmed K Toma1, Sophie Camp, Laurence D Watkins
1Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, England. Ahmedktoma@yahoo.com
Free-hand insertion of external ventricular drains (EVDs) is often inaccurate, with nearly 40% of EVD tips misplaced. This neurosurgical technique frequently requires revision, highlighting the need for improved guidance methods.
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