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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction
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Latissimus dorsi flap breast reconstruction.

Dennis C Hammond1

  • 1Grand Rapids, Mich. From the Center for Breast and Body Contouring.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Modified latissimus dorsi flap techniques improve breast reconstruction outcomes. These surgical enhancements minimize donor site scarring and enhance aesthetic results for patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery
  • Oncology

Background:

  • The latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap is a viable option for breast reconstruction.
  • Aesthetic outcomes and donor site complications can be suboptimal with traditional techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present technical modifications for the latissimus dorsi flap to improve aesthetic results.
  • To minimize complications associated with breast reconstruction using this flap.

Main Methods:

  • Five surgical modifications were employed: skin island orientation, harvesting deep fat, thoracodorsal nerve sectioning, partial muscle insertion division, and staged expander/implant use.
  • These techniques were applied in a comprehensive surgical strategy for immediate and delayed breast reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Technical modifications resulted in improved donor site scarring and flap advancement.
  • Increased flap volume and softened reconstructed breast contours were achieved.
  • Minimization of breast animation and improved aesthetic quality were observed with staged expander/implant use.

Conclusions:

  • Advancements in surgical technique and implant design enhance latissimus dorsi flap breast reconstruction outcomes.
  • Outstanding aesthetic results are achievable with these refined surgical methods.

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