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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4⁺ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Interplay between the TH17 and TReg cell lineages: a (co-)evolutionary perspective.

Casey T Weaver¹, Robin D Hatton

¹Department of Pathology, BBRB 870, University Station, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA. cweaver@uab.edu

Nature Reviews. Immunology

|November 26, 2009

Summary

The adaptive immune system in vertebrates may have co-evolved with gut microbiota. This co-evolution likely provided early vertebrates with benefits from microbial diversity, enhancing immune responses.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Evolutionary Biology
Microbiology

Background:

The origins of the adaptive immune system are unclear, particularly its link to vertebrates.
Recent research highlights connections between regulatory T cells (Tregs), T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and the gut microbiome.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the co-evolution of adaptive immunity and gut microbiota in primitive vertebrates.
To hypothesize how specific immune pathways may have leveraged microbial diversification.

Main Methods:

Speculative analysis based on recent advances in immunology and developmental biology.
Integration of knowledge on Treg and Th17 cell lineages and their gut-associated functions.

Main Results:

Proposes a link between the evolution of adaptive immunity and the gut microbiome in early vertebrates.
Suggests that induced regulatory T cells and T helper 17 cells played a role in this relationship.

Conclusions:

The co-evolution of adaptive immune pathways, specifically Tregs and Th17 cells, may have enabled primitive vertebrates to harness the benefits of commensal microbiota diversification.
This provides a potential evolutionary advantage for early vertebrates in managing their microbial communities.