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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
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Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: January 25, 2012

Imaging intelligence with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Rex E Jung¹, Charles Gasparovic, Robert S Chavez

¹The Mental Illness and Neuroscience Discovery (MIND) Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

|November 26, 2009

Summary

Brain N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels correlate with intelligence. Lower NAA in anterior gray matter linked to better verbal IQ, while higher NAA in posterior gray matter linked to better performance IQ in healthy adults.

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Published on: December 18, 2016

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neuroimaging
Cognitive Science

Background:

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) is a non-invasive technique to measure brain neurochemistry in vivo.
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is a key neuronal metabolite detectable via (1)H-MRS, with its concentration potentially reflecting neuronal integrity and function.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels and cognitive abilities, specifically intelligence.
To determine if sex or brain tissue type (gray vs. white matter) moderates the association between NAA and intelligence.

Main Methods:

Sixty-three healthy young adults underwent standard intelligence assessments.
Spectroscopic imaging data ((1)H-MRSI) were acquired from a brain region superior to the lateral ventricles.
Statistical analyses were performed to correlate NAA concentrations in specific gray matter regions with intelligence scores.

Main Results:

Lower NAA concentration in the right anterior gray matter was associated with higher verbal intelligence (VIQ).
Higher NAA concentration in the right posterior gray matter was associated with higher performance intelligence (PIQ).
These associations were observed in healthy young adults, suggesting a link between specific brain metabolite levels and distinct cognitive functions.

Conclusions:

Brain neurochemistry, specifically NAA levels in distinct gray matter regions, is linked to specific facets of intelligence in healthy individuals.
These findings contribute to the understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of intelligence, utilizing in vivo (1)H-MRSI.