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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Clinical Application of Intense Pulsed Light Therapy and Radio Frequency for Treatment of Ocular Surface Diseases

Clinical Application of Intense Pulsed Light Therapy and Radio Frequency for Treatment of Ocular Surface Diseases

Published on: July 3, 2025

Cornea and ocular surface treatment.

Maria P De Miguel¹, Jorge L Alio, Francisco Arnalich-Montiel

¹Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz Hospital IdiPAZ, Maternity Building, Paseo Castellana 261, Madrid 28046 Spain. mariapdemiguel@gmail.com

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy

|November 28, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Developing artificial corneas addresses challenges in corneal transplantation, like immune rejection and donor shortages. Future strategies combine advanced biomaterials with alternative cell sources for tissue regeneration.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

The cornea, crucial for vision and protection, can be damaged by pathology, leading to opacity.
Current corneal transplantation faces hurdles like immune rejection and limited donor availability.
Replacing only the damaged corneal layer is the ideal therapeutic strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advances in bioengineered corneas and artificial cornea development.
To explore novel strategies for corneal tissue regeneration and replacement.
To identify promising biomaterials and alternative cell sources for future corneal therapies.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on corneal pathology, transplantation, and bioengineering.
Analysis of stem cell biology and biomaterial advancements in corneal research.
Evaluation of alternative cell sources for epithelial, stromal, and endothelial corneal regeneration.

Main Results:

Bioengineered corneas include prosthetic devices and tissue-engineered hydrogels.
Corneal stem cell therapies face limitations due to damaged stem cell compartments and extensive culture needs.
Magnetically aligned collagen shows promise as an advanced biomaterial.
Alternative cell sources like oral mucosal epithelium, ear epidermis, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and adipose-derived stem cells are identified.

Conclusions:

Artificial corneas and tissue engineering offer solutions to corneal transplantation limitations.
Combining advanced biomaterials, such as magnetically aligned collagen, with alternative cell sources is a promising future direction.
Adipose-derived stem cells present a versatile option, particularly for endothelial replacement through directed differentiation.