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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Decrease of hypervirulent Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 in the Netherlands.

M P Hensgens¹, A Goorhuis, D W Notermans

¹National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.

Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin

|November 28, 2009

Summary

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) surveillance in the Netherlands revealed a significant decrease in the highly prevalent PCR ribotype 027 strain after 2006. Other C. difficile types, such as 001, have since increased.

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Published on: December 10, 2016

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Microbiology
Epidemiology

Background:

The Netherlands experienced outbreaks of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 in 2005.
A national surveillance program and guidelines were implemented to manage Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and prevent the spread of type 027.

Purpose of the Study:

To monitor the incidence and prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in the Netherlands.
To assess the impact of national interventions on the epidemiology of CDI, particularly focusing on PCR ribotype 027.

Main Methods:

National surveillance of CDI cases in 14 hospitals.
PCR ribotyping was performed on 2,788 C. difficile isolates collected between April 2005 and June 2009.
Incidence rates per 10,000 admissions were calculated.

Main Results:

The mean incidence of CDI remained stable at 18 per 10,000 admissions in 2007-2008.
A notable decrease in the number and incidence of C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 was observed after the second half of 2006.
By early 2009, type 027 accounted for only 3.0% of CDI isolates, while type 001 increased to 27.5%.

Conclusions:

National surveillance and control measures have led to a significant reduction in Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027-associated infections in the Netherlands.
The epidemiological landscape of CDI in the Netherlands has shifted, with an increase in other C. difficile types such as 001, 014, and 078.