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Related Concept Videos

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
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Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Real Time RT-PCR02:57

Real Time RT-PCR

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Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target genes. The method involves converting mRNA to complementary DNA with the help of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, followed by the PCR amplification of the cDNA. These two processes can be performed simultaneously in a single tube or separately as a two-step reaction.
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Uncoupling the TFIIH Core and Kinase Modules leads to misregulated RNA polymerase II CTD Serine 5 phosphorylation.

eLife·2026
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Dynamics of TFIIH and Spt4/5 during the transition from transcription initiation to elongation.

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A mechanism of synergistic Mediator recruitment in RNA polymerase II transcription activation revealed by single-molecule fluorescence.

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Leveraging HILIC/ERLIC separations for online nanoscale LC-MS/MS analysis of phosphopeptide isoforms from RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain.

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Single-molecule analysis of transcription activation: dynamics of SAGA coactivator recruitment.

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Mechanisms of synergistic Mediator recruitment in RNA polymerase II transcription activation revealed by single-molecule fluorescence.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

A Murine Cell Line Based Model of Chronic CDK9 Inhibition to Study Widespread Non-Genetic Transcriptional Elongation Defects TEdeff in Cancers
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Progression through the RNA polymerase II CTD cycle.

Stephen Buratowski1

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. steveb@hms.harvard.edu

Molecular Cell
|November 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II's largest subunit is crucial for transcription.
  • Dynamic phosphorylation of the CTD regulates transcription progression.
  • Specific phosphorylation patterns recruit distinct protein factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the dynamic changes in CTD phosphorylation during transcription.
  • To understand how these phosphorylation patterns are linked to mRNA processing and histone modification.
  • To explain the transition between transcription stages.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of CTD phosphorylation patterns.
  • Investigating recruitment of mRNA-processing factors.
  • Studying histone modification recruitment.

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High-throughput Purification of Affinity-tagged Recombinant Proteins
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Main Results:

  • Different CTD phosphorylation patterns are observed during initiation, elongation, and termination.
  • These distinct patterns are responsible for recruiting specific sets of factors.
  • Recent studies provide mechanistic insights into these transitions.

Conclusions:

  • CTD phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism in transcription.
  • The dynamic nature of CTD phosphorylation ensures proper coordination of transcription with mRNA processing and chromatin remodeling.
  • Understanding these dynamics is vital for comprehending gene expression regulation.