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Related Concept Videos

Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Environmental pollutants and the thyroid.

Elizabeth N Pearce1, Lewis E Braverman

  • 1Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University Medical Center, 88 East Newton street, Evans 201, Boston, MA 02118, USA. elizabeth.pearce@bmc.org

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|November 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental exposures can impact thyroid function, especially in developing fetuses and infants. Further research is needed to understand the risks of thyroid-disrupting chemicals on human health.

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

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In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
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In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone is crucial for neurodevelopment, making fetuses and infants highly vulnerable to disruptions.
  • Environmental chemicals are suspected to interfere with thyroid function, but effects at exposure levels are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential impacts of common environmental exposures on human thyroid function.
  • To identify specific compounds and their mechanisms of action on the thyroid.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on environmental exposures and thyroid function.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms, including sodium-iodine symporter (NIS) inhibition, thyroid hormone receptor interaction, and enzyme induction.

Main Results:

  • Perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate inhibit NIS; effects at environmental levels are unclear.
  • PCBs, PBDEs, BPA, and triclosan may interact with the thyroid hormone receptor.
  • Isoflavones can inhibit thyroperoxidase (TPO), potentially causing hypothyroidism.
  • Organochlorine pesticides and dioxins may reduce thyroxine (T4) half-life by activating liver enzymes.

Conclusions:

  • Various environmental compounds pose potential risks to thyroid function.
  • More research is required to fully understand the risks of thyroid-disrupting chemicals.